Ecosystems provide resources, ecological functions, and environmental benefits that support human societies. These relationships connect ecological processes with livelihoods, communities, and human well-being. At the IHED Lab, ecosystem services are studied as part of interconnected socio-ecological systems. This perspective considers both the ecological processes that generate benefits and the human decisions, institutions, and resource-management practices that influence them. Understanding these connections can help explain how changes in land, water, agriculture, and other natural-resource systems affect the benefits that people depend upon.